Which of the following is not one of the four themes of the ASCA National Model?

• A. Leadership
• B. Accountability
• C. Collaboration
• D. Advocacy

Answer: (B)

The ASCA National Model centers on four themes that guide how a school counselor supports student success: Leadership, Advocacy, Collaboration, and Systemic Change. Each of these themes describes active roles the counselor takes to influence programs, policies, and the school environment. Accountability, while essential to the work, isn’t listed as one of the four themes. Instead, accountability is the practice of measuring and reporting outcomes—collecting data, evaluating effectiveness, and using findings to improve the program. It underpins all the work within the themes but isn’t itself one of the four thematic categories. The other options—Leadership, Collaboration, and Advocacy—are indeed part of the model and define the counselor’s core actions.