Which data category describes how learning affects achievement, attendance, or discipline?

• A. Process data
• B. Participation data
• C. Outcome data
• D. Demographic data

Answer: (C)

Outcome data describes the results of learning. It shows how learning affects achievement, attendance, and discipline by capturing the end results—grades or test scores for achievement, attendance rates for attendance, and behavior or discipline trends for discipline. This type of data is used to assess whether instructional efforts are producing the intended effects. Process data looks at what happens during learning (activities and engagement), participation data focuses on who is taking part, and demographic data describes student characteristics rather than outcomes.