The use of a "person-in-environment" approach is characteristic of which of the following delivery models?

• A. Developmental Guidance and Counseling Model
• B. ASCA National Model
• C. DAP Delivery Model
• D. Social Justice framework

Answer: (D)

Using a person-in-environment lens means viewing students as part of a larger social and environmental system—family, school, neighborhood, culture, and policy—that shape their opportunities and challenges. This holistic view is a hallmark of the Social Justice framework in school counseling, which centers on equity, advocacy, and changing conditions that create barriers to success. It emphasizes assessing environmental factors and mobilizing resources to address both individual needs and systemic issues. Other models focus more on individual development or program structure than on environmental context, so they don’t emphasize this broader, justice-oriented perspective in the same way.