Direct and Indirect Services are what components of the ASCA National Model?

• A. Deliver
• B. Assess
• C. Plan
• D. Coordinate

Answer: (A)

Direct and indirect services are part of the Delivery component of the ASCA National Model. The model outlines four components—Delivery, Management, Accountability, and System Support—and Delivery covers all the services a school counselor provides to students. Direct services include activities like individual counseling, small-group sessions, and classroom guidance. Indirect services involve working with teachers, parents, and outside resources, such as consulting, coordinating referrals, and collaborating to support student outcomes. The other terms don’t correspond to a named component in the model, since the framework organizes the work around Delivery, Management, Accountability, and System Support, with Delivery specifically addressing how services are actually delivered to students.